vi is the standard editor available on every UNIX system. While it appears
intimidating at first, it is extremely powerful and universal. Hence familiarity
with it is important. A nice way to get started with learning this editor
is by using the "vitutor". It can be copied to your home directory from
either of the following directories:
at the prompt to begin the tutor. The instructions are in the file and
follow them as you read along. Note: It might be a good idea to copy the
file tutor.vi to some other file and work with it instead as you would
be making changes to it as you go along.
Exiting vi
Positioning within text
Inserting text
Deleting text
Changing text
Copying lines
Moving lines (cutting and pasting)
Searching / Substituting
Miscellaneous commands
Some examples of the more common options are described below.
Options can be set permanently by putting them in a file called .exrc in
your home directory. A sample .exrc file appears below. Note that you do
not need the colon (:) as part of the option specification when you put
the commands in a .exrc file. Also note that you can put them all on one
line.
- /nfs/cis/phd/asb2718/vitutor
- /nfs/cis/staff/rvrpci/pub/vitutor
vi tutor.vi
- vi supplies commands for:
- inserting and deleting text
- replacing text
- moving around the file
- finding and substituting strings
- cutting and pasting text
- reading and writing to other files
- vi uses a "buffer"
- While using vi to edit an existing file, you are actually working on a copy of the file that is held in a temporary buffer in your computer's memory.
- If you invoked vi with a new filename, (or no file name) the contents of the file only exist in this buffer.
- Saving a file writes the contents of this buffer to a disk file, replacing its contents. You can write the buffer to a new file or to some other file.
- You can also decide not to write the contents of the buffer, and leave your original file unchanged.
- vi operates in two different "modes":
- Command mode
- vi starts up in this mode
- Whatever you type is interpreted as a command - not text to be inserted into the file.
- The mode you need to be in if you want to "move around" the file.
- Insert mode
- This is the mode you use to type (insert) text.
- There are several commands that you can use to enter this mode.
- Once in this mode, whatever you type is interpreted as text to be included in the file. You can not "move around" the file in this mode.
- Must press the ESC (escape) key to exit this mode and return to command mode.
vi Commands
- Entering vi
vi filename - The filename can be the name of an existing file or the name of the file you want to create. view filename - Starts vi in "read only" mode. Allows you to look at a file without the risk of altering its contents.
:q - quit - if you have made any changes, vi will warn you of this, and you'll need to use one of the other quits. :w - write edit buffer to disk :w filename - write edit buffer to disk as filename :wq - write edit buffer to disk and quit ZZ - write edit buffer to disk and quit :q! - quit without writing edit buffer to disk
By character
left arrow - left one character
right arrow - right one character
backspace - left one character
space - right one character
h - left one character
l - right one character
By word
w - beginning of next word
nw - beginning of nth next word
b - back to previous word
nb - back to nth previous word
e - end of next word
ne - end of nth next word
By line
down arrow - down one line
up arrow - up one line
j - down one line
k - up one line
+ - beginning of next line down
- - beginning of previous line up
0 - first column of current line (zero)
^ - first character of current line
$ - last character of current line
By block
( - beginning of sentence
) - end of sentence
{ - beginning of paragraph
} - end of paragraph
By screen
CTRL-f - forward 1 screen
CTRL-b - backward 1 screen
CTRL-d - down 1/2 screen
CTRL-u - up 1/2 screen
H - top line on screen
M - mid-screen
L - last line on screen
Within file
nG - line n within file
1G - first line in file
G - last line in file
a - append text after cursor * A - append text at end of line * i - insert text before cursor * I - insert text at beginning of line * o - open a blank line after the current line for text input * O - open a blank line before the current line for text input * * Note: hit ESC (escape) key when finished inserting!
x - delete character at cursor
dh - delete character before cursor
nx - delete n characters at cursor
dw - delete next word
db - delete previous word
dnw - delete n words from cursor
dnb - delete n words before cursor
d0 - delete to beginning of line
d$ - delete to end of line
D - delete to end of line
dd - delete current line
d( - delete to beginning of sentence
d) - delete to end of sentence
d{ - delete to beginning of paragraph
d} - delete to end of paragraph
ndd - delete n lines (start at current line)
cw - replace word with text *
cc - replace line with text *
c0 - change to beginning of line *
c$ - change to end of line *
C - change to end of line *
c( - change to beginning of sentence *
c) - change to end of sentence *
c{ - change to beginning of paragraph *
c} - change to end of paragraph *
r - overtype only 1 character
R - overtype text until ESC is hit *
J - join two lines
* Note: hit ESC (escape) key when finished changing!
yy - "yank": copy 1 line into buffer nyy - "yank": copy n lines into buffer p - put contents of buffer after current line P - put contents of buffer before current line
ndd - delete n lines (placed in buffer) p - put contents of buffer after current line P - put contents of buffer before current line
/str - search forward for str ?str - search backward for str n - find next occurrence of current string N - repeat previous search in reverse direction The substitution command requires a line range specification. If it is omitted, the default is the current line only. The examples below show how to specify line ranges. :s/old/new - substitute new for first occurrence of old in current line :s/old/new/g - substitute new for all occurrences of old in current line :1,10s/old/new - substitute new for first occurrence of old in lines 1 - 10 :.,$s/old/new - substitute new for first occurrence of old in remainder of file :.,+5s/old/new - substitute new for first occurrence of old in current line and next 5 lines :.,-5s/old/new - substitute new for first occurrence of old in current line and previous 5 lines :%s/old/new/g - substitute new for all occurrences of old in the entire file :%s/old/new/gc - interactively substitute new for all occurrences of old - will prompt for y/n response for each substitution.
u - undo the last command (including undo) . - repeat last command xp - swap two adjacent characters m[a-z] - set a marker (a - z) '[a-z] - go to a previously set marker (a - z) :!command - execute specified UNIX command :r filename - read/insert contents of filename after current line. :1,100!fmt - reformat the first 100 lines :!fmt - reformat the entire file
vi Options
- You can change the way vi operates by changing the value of certain options which control specific parts of the vi environment.
- To set an option during a vi session, use one of the commands below as required by the option:
:set option_name :set option_name=value
:set all - shows all vi options in effect :set ai - set autoindent - automatically indents each line of text :set noai - turn autoindent off :set nu - set line numbering on :set nonu - turn line numbering off :set scroll=n - sets number of lines to be scrolled to n. Used by screen scroll commands. :set sw=n - set shiftwidth to n. Used by autoindent option. :set wm=n - set wrapmargin to n. Specifies number of spaces to leave on right edge of the screen before wrapping words to next line. :set showmode - reminds you when you are inserting text. :set ic - ignore case of characters when performing a search.
set nu ai wm=5 showmode ic in Linux/Unix
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