You are given an array of n integers and a
target sum T. The goal is to determine whether or not there are two
numbers x,y in A with x+y=T.
Example : Suppose we have an int array = {5, 3, 7, 0, 1, 4, 2} and T = 5. The unique pairs that sum up to 5 are (5, 0) (3, 2) and (1, 4).
There are three approaches to solve this problem - 1) brute force, 2) sort the array and use binary and search, and 3) Using the hashtable.
Please scroll down, if you are only interested in the best approach i.e. approach 3 using hashtables.
Approach 1 : Brute force method
The first approach is to use brute force which gives time complexity of O(n^2) and space complexity of O(n). We basically just have to loop through the array and for each number we add it to each of other numbers and see if they sum up to 5. If so, we print out the pair. Here is the code for brute force approach:
Key Value
5 5 - 5 = 0
3 5 - 3 = 2
7 5 - 7 = -2
0 5 - 0 = 5
1 5 - 1 = 4
4 5 - 4 = 1
2 5 - 3 = 2
This approach will have the time complexity of O(n) and space complexity of O(n). Thus, chose your method wisely, depending on your need (speed or space efficiency).
2nd Approach - Use sorted array
A better way would be to sort the array. This takes O(n log n)
Then for each x in array A, use binary search to look for T-x. This will take O(nlogn).
So, overall search is O(n log n)
Hers is how the pseudo code will look:
Approach 2b - Using sorting but using variant of binary search
Assuming array sorted in ascending order. Now we take first and last element, and sum them up. If sum is equal to T, we have found the pair, but if sum is greater than T, we reduce right pointer by 1, or increment left pointer otherwise.
3rd and Best - Use hash table
I have already mentioned in problem in the application of hash table here.
The best way would be to insert every element into a hash table (without sorting). This takes O(n) as constant time insertion.
Then for every x, we can just look up its complement, T-x, which is O(1).
Overall it takes will be O(n).
Here is how the pseudocode will look.
Please let us know if you know any other approach. Thanks.
Example : Suppose we have an int array = {5, 3, 7, 0, 1, 4, 2} and T = 5. The unique pairs that sum up to 5 are (5, 0) (3, 2) and (1, 4).
There are three approaches to solve this problem - 1) brute force, 2) sort the array and use binary and search, and 3) Using the hashtable.
Please scroll down, if you are only interested in the best approach i.e. approach 3 using hashtables.
Approach 1 : Brute force method
The first approach is to use brute force which gives time complexity of O(n^2) and space complexity of O(n). We basically just have to loop through the array and for each number we add it to each of other numbers and see if they sum up to 5. If so, we print out the pair. Here is the code for brute force approach:
void findPairOfSum(int arrayOfNum[], int arraySize, int sum) { for (int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++) { for (int j = i; j < arraySize; j++) { if (arrayOfNum[i] + arrayOfNum[j] == sum) cout << "(" << arrayOfNum[i] << ", " << arrayOfNum[j] << ")" << endl; } } }The second approach is to use a hash table to store the difference between sum and each of the elements in the array. Then as we loop through the array, check each element against the hash table. If the element presents, then print out the key value pair. For example, if we hash the example array we'll have this hash table:
Key Value
5 5 - 5 = 0
3 5 - 3 = 2
7 5 - 7 = -2
0 5 - 0 = 5
1 5 - 1 = 4
4 5 - 4 = 1
2 5 - 3 = 2
This approach will have the time complexity of O(n) and space complexity of O(n). Thus, chose your method wisely, depending on your need (speed or space efficiency).
2nd Approach - Use sorted array
A better way would be to sort the array. This takes O(n log n)
Then for each x in array A, use binary search to look for T-x. This will take O(nlogn).
So, overall search is O(n log n)
Hers is how the pseudo code will look:
arr = {};//some array sortedArr = sort(arr); for( i = 0;i < arr.length - 1; i++) { x = arr[i]; bool found = binarySearch(sortedArr, T-x);//Search for T-x in sorted Arrary if(found) print "pair", x, T-x; }
Approach 2b - Using sorting but using variant of binary search
Assuming array sorted in ascending order. Now we take first and last element, and sum them up. If sum is equal to T, we have found the pair, but if sum is greater than T, we reduce right pointer by 1, or increment left pointer otherwise.
arr = {};//some array sortedArr = sort(arr); left = start; right= arr.length; while(left < right) { x = arr[left]; y = arr[right]; sum = x+y; if(sum == T) found=true; if(sum > T) right--; if(sum < T) left++; if(found) print "pair", x, T-x; }
3rd and Best - Use hash table
I have already mentioned in problem in the application of hash table here.
The best way would be to insert every element into a hash table (without sorting). This takes O(n) as constant time insertion.
Then for every x, we can just look up its complement, T-x, which is O(1).
Overall it takes will be O(n).
Here is how the pseudocode will look.
Let arr be the given array. And T be the given sum for (i=0 i<arr.length - 1 ;i++) { hash(arr[i]) = i // key is the element and value is its index. } for (i=0 i<arr.length - 1; i++) { if (hash(T - arr[i]) != i ) // if T - ele exists and is different we found a pair print "pair i , hash(T - arr[i]) has sum T" }
Please let us know if you know any other approach. Thanks.
how to build the hash table in the approach 3. also i think you should check if hash(T-arr[i]) is empty first.
ReplyDeleteHi Jianchen, I think we can use hashmap or we can use element as an index in the array. I think only way hash() is empty when the given array is null or has no element. In that case we will not enter into any for loop.
Delete-Kinshuk
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteWhat if there are duplicates in the array? We should keep track of the number of occurrences of each number and update as we go.
ReplyDeleteStill it work, as we have to just find the sum. If 1 element is in the hashmap, and say other element repeats, we won't care as their sum will not be equal to given sum T.
DeleteI don't want to find unique pairs,I want all the numbers that form the sum.
ReplyDeleteeg: array = {5, 6, 7, 4, 1, 3, 2, 8, 9, 10} and T = 15
result:
1+9+5=15
5+10=15
6+4+5=15
2+8+5=15
3+2+6+4=15 ... etc
Hi Vikram, this is a different problem all together. Please refer here for the solution - http://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/56270/list-all-possible-numbers-from-a-given-array-that-sums-up-to-a-given-number.
DeleteIf we use below array({ 2, 6, 8, 4, 5, 7, 3, 9, 1, 5 }) for sum of number 10 - then the first solution will get fail.
DeleteThe solution is
private static void findPairsForXWay1(int[] pairArray, int x) {
for (int i = 0; i < pairArray.length; i++) {
for (int j = i+1; j < pairArray.length; j++) {
if(pairArray[j] + pairArray[i] == x){
System.out.println("{" + pairArray[i] + "," + pairArray[j] + "}");
}
}
}
}
The hashmap one is a fucking genius. Got excited a bit :x
ReplyDeleteThanks Hanyunanodesu :)
ReplyDeleteThe hashmap solution will double print many pairs. How do you handle that?
ReplyDeleteHi Anonymous, we will break out of the loop as soon as find the first pair :). Thanks
DeleteHow to handle if negative & positive numbers exist and T(positive)?
ReplyDeleteThis problem will not occur if you use hashmap, instead of array. But here is a solution via array approach.
DeleteThen we can create 2 arrays, hashN and hashP for negative and positive numbers respectively. While inserting, we can have something like hashN[absolute(arr[i])] = arr[i], and TP will fill normally, without absolute i.e. hashP[arr[i]] = arr[i]. Now iterate over the array arr again, and if (arr[i] > T) , then you need negative number, so refer hashN[T-arr[i]], if it exists then you got the number otherwise its a problem. Please let me know if I wasn't clear enough.
- Kinshuk
hi, i think the last solution also takes O(n^2) you are making hashtable.get operation inside for loop hash table search also has worst case of of O(n) for search operation... so overall it will be O(n^2)
ReplyDeleteHi Janardan, creation of hashtable takes O[n] time. Getting a single element in hashtable takes O(1) times, hence as we are in the loop, that takes another O(n) time, hence O(n) as whole. Please let me know if that works for you.
DeleteHi The first approach for array({ 2, 6, 8, 4, 5, 7, 3, 9, 1, 5 } ) and sum for number 10 will get fail.The solution for 1st approach is given below.
ReplyDeleteprivate static void findPairsForXWay1(int[] pairArray, int x) {
for (int i = 0; i < pairArray.length; i++) {
for (int j = i+1; j < pairArray.length; j++) {
if(pairArray[j] + pairArray[i] == x){
System.out.println("{" + pairArray[i] + "," + pairArray[j] + "}");
}
}
}
}
Can you please elaborate on the hash map solution. So say I have Key =5 and Value =0. What does that mean. How do I know that it is the answer. Not getting what you mean by "Then as we loop through the array, check each element against the hash table. If the element presents, then print out the key value pair." Can you please explain with an example?
ReplyDeleteHi Chintan, we add all the elements in the array to the hashset. This will take O(n) time and O(n) space of hashmap. Now, iterate over the array, one by one. Now, for each element el in the array, check if K-el exists in the hashmap. If it exists, we have found the solution.
Delete